Setting up Isolated PHP-FPM Pools with systemd-run Sandboxing on CentOS Stream 9 for Third-Party Plugins

Understanding the Need for Isolated PHP-FPM Pools

In enterprise environments, particularly those hosting third-party PHP applications or plugins, the imperative for robust isolation cannot be overstated. A compromised plugin, or one with excessive resource demands, can have cascading negative effects on the entire web server infrastructure. Traditional monolithic PHP-FPM setups, while efficient for single-application deployments, present a significant security and stability risk when multiple untrusted or diverse codebases share the same execution environment. This document outlines a production-ready strategy for establishing highly isolated PHP-FPM pools on CentOS Stream 9, leveraging the power of systemd-run for fine-grained sandboxing.

Prerequisites and System Setup

This guide assumes a functional CentOS Stream 9 installation with PHP and PHP-FPM installed. We will be creating dedicated user accounts and groups for each isolated pool to enforce filesystem permissions. Ensure you have root privileges or can use sudo for all commands.

First, let’s create a dedicated user and group for our first isolated pool. This user will own the files and processes associated with this specific pool.

Creating Dedicated User and Group

We’ll create a user named pluginuser1 and a group with the same name. The home directory will be set to a non-standard location to further delineate its scope.

sudo groupadd --system pluginuser1
sudo useradd --system --gid pluginuser1 --home-dir /var/www/plugins/pluginuser1 --shell /sbin/nologin pluginuser1

Next, create the directory structure for this user and set appropriate ownership and permissions. This ensures that only the pluginuser1 can write to its designated web root.

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/plugins/pluginuser1/public_html
sudo chown -R pluginuser1:pluginuser1 /var/www/plugins/pluginuser1
sudo chmod -R 750 /var/www/plugins/pluginuser1

Configuring Isolated PHP-FPM Pool

PHP-FPM’s configuration is managed through pool definition files, typically located in /etc/php-fpm.d/. We will create a new pool configuration file for our isolated user.

Creating the Pool Configuration File

Create a new file, for example, /etc/php-fpm.d/pluginuser1.conf, and populate it with the following settings. Pay close attention to the user, group, listen, and chroot directives.

[pluginuser1]
; This pool is for pluginuser1 and its associated plugins.
; It runs as the 'pluginuser1' user and group.

; The user and group that will execute PHP scripts.
user = pluginuser1
group = pluginuser1

; The address on which to accept FastCGI requests.
; Use a unique socket for each pool to prevent conflicts.
listen = /run/php-fpm/pluginuser1.sock

; The directory to chroot the process into.
; This is crucial for isolation.
chroot = /var/www/plugins/pluginuser1

; Set the user and group for the chroot environment.
; This should match the user/group directives above.
chroot_user = pluginuser1
chroot_group = pluginuser1

; Set the user and group for the chroot environment.
; This should match the user/group directives above.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
chdir = /public_html

; Set the user and group for the chroot environment.
; This should match the user/group directives above.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir' directive is often used in conjunction with chroot.
; The 'chdir'